Effects of resistance training in elderly women with cognitive decline / Efeitos do treinamento resistido em idosas com declínio cognitivo

Abstract Introduction: With aging, it is common for some changes to occur in different areas of cognition, such as memory, executive function, language and psychomotor speed. However, regular physical activity has been described as an excellent way to alleviate the degeneration caused by aging within the various physical, psychological and social domains. Objective: To evaluate the effects of resistance training in elderly women with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: Experimental study with 31 sedentary elderly women divided into control (CG; n=15) and resistance training (RTG; n=16) groups who underwent assessment of anthropometric measures, body composition, maximum strength, heart rate and blood pressure and questionnaire application (Mini-Mental State Examination). Results: Cognitive ability increased in RTG (post 26.00 ± 2.13 vs. CG 22.24 ± 3.82 vs. pre 24.06 ± 2.38 RTG). In RTG, there was a reduction in systolic blood pressure (post 107.50 ± 11.97 vs. CG 126.00 ± 9.72 vs. pre 124.13 ± 12.55 mmHg RTG), diastolic blood pressure (post 68.50 ± 8.15 vs. CG 81.73 ± 4.59 vs. pre 74.69 ± 6.87 mmHg RTG) and double product (post 7746 ± 1244 vs. CG 9336 ± 1595 vs. pre 9286 ± 1309 mmHg x bpm RTG), but not in heart rate (post 72.00 ± 7.40 vs. CG 74.00 ± 10.50 vs. pre 74.94 ± 8.42 bpm RTG). Regarding muscle strength, an increase was evident in all exercises. Conclusion: The present study showed that resistance training in elderly women increased muscle strength and reduced hemodynamic variables. But the most important finding was that there was an increase in cognitive capacity.

Resumo Introdução: Com o envelhecimento, é comum ocorrerem alterações em diferentes áreas da cognição, como a memória, função executiva, linguagem, desenvolvimento psicomotor e função visoespacial. A atividade física regular, contudo, tem sido descrita como um excelente meio de atenuar as degenerações provocadas pelo envelhecimento dentro dos domínios físico, psicológico e social. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento resistido em idosas com comprometimento cognitivo leve. Métodos: Estudo experimental com 31 idosas sedentárias, divididas em grupo controle (GC; n = 15) e grupo treinamento resistido (GTR; n = 16), submetidas a avaliações antropométricas, composição corporal, força máxima, frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial (PA) e aplicação de questionário (Mini Exame do Estado Mental). Resultados: Observou-se aumento da capacidade cognitiva no GTR (pós 26,00 ± 2,13 vs. GC 22,24 ± 3,82 vs. pré 24,06 ± 2,38 GTR) e redução na PA sistólica (pós 107,50 ± 11,97 vs. GC 126,00 ± 9,72 vs. pré 124,13 ± 12,55 mmHg GTR), PA diastólica (pós 68,50 ± 8,15 vs. GC 81,73 ± 4,59 vs. pré 74,69 ± 6,87 mmHg GTR) e duplo produto no GTR (pós 7746 ± 1244 vs. GC 9336 ± 1595 vs. pré 9286 ± 1309 mmHg x bpm GTR). Não houve redução na FC no GTR (pós 72,00 ± 7,40 vs. GC 74,00 ± 10,50 vs. pré 74,94 ± 8,42 bpm GTR). Em relação à força muscular, observou-se aumento em todos os exercícios. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou que o treinamento resistido aumentou a força muscular e que houve redução de variáveis hemodinâmicas; entretanto, o achado mais importante desse estudo foi o aumento na capacidade cognitiva das idosas.

Cardiac autonomic modulation response and functional capacity in older women / Respuesta de la modulación autonómica cardíaca y capacidad funcional en mujeres mayores / Resposta da modulação autonômica cardíaca e capacidade funcional em mulheres idosas

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze cardiac autonomic modulation response and functional capacity in physically active older women. Methods: Seventy-five older women (60-70 years) from the community were divided into the following groups: sedentary (n=19), hydro-gymnastics (n=18), pilates (n=19), and dance (n=19). Blood pressure, body composition, heart rate variability, and functional capacity were assessed for the characterization of the groups at rest and 48 hours after the last physical exercise session. Results: The sedentary group presented higher waist-to-hip ratio, diastolic blood pressure, and resting heart rate compared to the other groups (p<0.05). It was also observed that the dance group presented better functional capacity and VO2peak scores (all p<0.05). Regarding cardiac autonomic modulation, both dance and pilates groups demonstrated better RMSSD (26.71 ± 9.07 and 29.82 ± 7.16, respectively; p<0.05), LF (45.79 ± 14.81 and 45.95 ± 15.16 n.u., respectively; p<0.05), and LF/HF (0.92 ± 0.56 and 0.58 ± 0.26, respectively; p<0.05) scores. In the symbolic analysis, the dance group had a greater predominance of parasympathetic autonomic modulation than the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results conclude that physically active elderly women, practicing hydro-gymnastics, pilates or dance, presented physiological benefits, such as better functional capacity and improvements in hemodynamic variables and autonomic cardiac modulation. In addition, the group that practiced dance presented greater parasympathetic modulation, as well as greater functional capacity, when compared to the other modalities. Level of evidence: I; STARD: studies of diagnostic accuracy.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la respuesta de la modulación autonómica cardíaca y la capacidad funcional en mujeres mayores físicamente activas. Métodos: Setenta y cinco mujeres mayores (60 a 70 años) de la comunidad fueron divididas en los siguientes grupos: sedentaria (n = 19), hidrogimnasia (n = 18), pilates (n = 19) y danza (n = 19). La presión arterial, la composición corporal, la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca y la capacidad funcional fueron evaluadas para la caracterización de los grupos en reposo y 48 horas después de la última sesión de ejercicio físico. Resultados: El grupo sedentario presentó mayor relación cintura-cadera, presión arterial diastólica y frecuencia cardíaca en reposo cuando comparado a los otros grupos (p <0,05). Se observó que el grupo de danza presentó mejores puntajes de capacidad funcional y VO2Pico (todos p <0,05). Con relación a la modulación autonómica cardíaca, los grupos de danza y pilates demostraron mejores puntajes para RMSSD (26,71 ± 9,07 y 29,82 ± 7,16, respectivamente; p <0,05), LF (45,79 ± 14,81 y 45,95 ± 15,16 nu, respectivamente; p <0,05), y LF/HF (0,92 ± 0,56 y 0,58 ± 0,26, respectivamente; p <0,05). En el análisis simbólico, el grupo de danza presentó mayor predominancia de la modulación autonómica parasimpática que los demás grupos (p <0,05). Conclusión: Esos resultados concluyen que las mujeres mayores físicamente activas, practicantes de hidrogimnasia, pilates o danza, tienen beneficios fisiológicos, como mejor capacidad funcional y mejora de las variables hemodinámicas y de la modulación cardíaca autonómica. Además, el grupo que practicaba danza tuvo mayor modulación parasimpática y mayor capacidad funcional cuando comparado con las otras modalidades. Nivel de evidencia: I; STARD: estudios de precisión diagnóstica.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a resposta da modulação autonômica cardíaca e a capacidade funcional em idosas fisicamente ativas. Métodos: Setenta e cinco mulheres idosas (60 a 70 anos) da comunidade foram divididas nos seguintes grupos: sedentária (n = 19), hidroginástica (n = 18), pilates (n = 19) e dança (n = 19). A pressão arterial, a composição corporal, a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e a capacidade funcional foram avaliadas para a caracterização dos grupos em repouso e 48 horas depois da última sessão de exercício físico. Resultados: O grupo sedentário apresentou maior relação cintura-quadril, pressão arterial diastólica e frequência cardíaca em repouso quando comparado aos outros grupos (p <0,05). Observou-se também que o grupo da dança apresentou melhores escores de capacidade funcional e VO2pico (todos p < 0,05). Com relação à modulação autonômica cardíaca, os grupos de dança e pilates demonstraram melhores escores para RMSSD (26,71 ± 9,07 e 29,82 ± 7,16, respectivamente; p < 0,05), LF (45,79 ± 14,81 e 45,95 ± 15,16 nu, respectivamente; p<0,05) e LF/HF (0,92 ± 0,56 e 0,58 ± 0,26, respectivamente; p < 0,05). Na análise simbólica, o grupo da dança apresentou maior predominância da modulação autonômica parassimpática do que os demais grupos (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Esses resultados concluem que idosas fisicamente ativas praticantes de hidroginástica, pilates ou dança, têm benefícios fisiológicos, como melhor capacidade funcional e melhora das variáveis hemodinâmicas e da modulação cardíaca autonômica. Além disso, o grupo que praticava dança teve maior modulação parassimpática e maior capacidade funcional quando comparado com outras modalidades. Nível de evidência: I; STARD: estudos de precisão diagnóstica.

Obesity as an additional factor for autonomic imbalance and poor sleep behavior in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case-control study

OBJECTIVES: We compared the autonomic modulation and sleep behavior of eutrophic and overweight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: COPD participants were divided into the overweight and eutrophic groups. Pulmonary function, blood pressure, body composition, autonomic modulation, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score were assessed. Participants performed the six-minute walk test for functional assessment. RESULTS: Spirometric variables obtained in eutrophic and overweight individuals with COPD showed no statistically different results. We observed that the SDNN index indicated lower overall variability (p=0.003), and root mean square of successive differences between normal heart beats (RMSSD) (p=0.04) indicated lower parasympathetic modulation in the overweight group than observed in the eutrophic group. The indexes of the frequency domain presented lower values of total variability (p<0.01), low frequency bands (p<0.01), and high frequency (p=0.02), suggesting a higher sympathetic modulation and reduced parasympathetic modulation of the overweight group compared to eutrophic group. The overweight group also showed reduced sleep quality than the eutrophic group. CONCLUSION: Overweight COPD patients showed lower autonomic modulation and impaired sleep quality, latency, and efficiency as compared eutrophic subjects. These results reinforce the importance of weight control and the acquisition of healthy habits in this population.

Influence of Family History of Diabetes on Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction of Adolescents

Abstract Background To evaluate cardiac autonomic modulation of adolescents with a family history of diabetic parents. Objective This study aims to evaluate the influence of a family history of diabetes on cardiac autonomic modulation. Methods This is an analytical and cross-sectional study on adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age, of both genders, who were divided into group with a family history of diabetes and a control group without a family history of diabetes. The study protocol consisted of the analysis of heart rate variability, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, and body composition. Also, by using questionnaires, level of physical activity, sexual maturation, and sleep quality were evaluated. Normality of data distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Then, statistical significance was evaluated using the Student's t-test, and the Cohen's teste was used for calculation of the effect size. The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Results When the group of individuals with a family history of diabetes was compared with the control group, statistically significant differences were observed in the variables the standard deviation of the NN time series interval (SDNN) (43.9 ± 2.2 vs. 53.5 ± 2.6 ms), the square root of the quadratic differences (RMSSD) (41.9 ± 3.3 vs. 52.4 ± 3.2 ms), standard deviation of beat-to-beat instantaneous variability (SD1) (29.7 ± 2.3 vs. 37.1 ± 2.3 ms), long-term standard deviation of continuous RR intervals (SD2) (. 54.1 ± 2.6 vs. 66.66 ± 3.5 ms), and in low frequency (LF) (496.0 ± 49.5 vs. 728 ± 71.6 ms2) and high frequency (HF) (1050.0 ± 120.4 vs. 737.4 ± 98.5 ms2) in the frequency domain. Conclusions Global autonomic modulation is decreased in adolescents with a family history of diabetes. We also observed a decrease in vagal activity in this group. So, sympathetic autonomic modulation is predominant in this population. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Impacts of low or vigorous levels of physical activity on body composition, hemodynamics and autonomic modulation in Down syndrome subjects

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the effect of low and vigorous levels of physical activity in body composition, hemodynamics and autonomic modulation in subjects with Down syndrome (DS). METHODS: We evaluated 13 healthy subjects without DS (control group), 15 sedentary subjects with DS, (SED DS group), nine with DS with low intensity levels of physical activity (LIDS) and 12 with DS with vigorous levels of physical activity (VIDS). The physical activity level was measured using the IPAQ questionnaire. Body composition, hemodynamics and autonomic modulation were also evaluated. RESULTS The VIDS showed lower BMI than the control and SED DS group. Body fat (%) was lower in LIDS and VIDS than in the control and SED DS group. The systolic and diastolic arterial pressure values were similar among the groups. When normalized, the frequency domain showed higher LF/HF, higher LF (nu) and lower HF (nu) component of heart rate variability in sedentary DS than in the control group. However, LIDS and VIDS groups showed similar values in LF (nu), HF (nu) and LF/HF than the control group. The symbolic analysis showed greater 0V and lower values in 2LV in sedentary DS group when compared to the control group. However, the LIDS and VIDS did not show difference in 0V when compared to the control group. The 2LV was lower in LIDS and VIDS than in the control group, but 2UV was higher in VIDS than in the control group. CONCLUSION: We conclude that, regardless of the intensity, exercise can promote positive adaptations in the autonomic modulation of DS patients.(AU)